The risk factors and management of pulmonary embolism

The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is frequently considered in patients presenting to the emergency department or within the primary care setting. Although early treatment is highly effective, PE is underdiagnosed and therefore, the disease remains a major health problem. The use of a validated assessment tool can guide clinical evaluation of the probability of PE, and subsequent management within an appropriate setting.

Definition

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening condition in which one or more emboli, usually arising from a thrombus formed in the veins, are lodged in, and obstruct the pulmonary arterial system, causing severe respiratory dysfunction.¹ Most commonly, this embolus is a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) that has originated in the peripheral venous system – typically in the lower limbs.^2,3 Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a term used to encompass both PE and DVT.¹ When describing pathophysiology, as most PEs are caused by DVT, this article refers to thrombi/blood clots, rather than other possible causes. Nursing staff have a pivotal role in the early identification and risk reduction of PEs to reduce patient morbidity and mortality.³